Town Hall, Schools and Finance

Ashburnham Board of Selectmen: November 21, 2011: Income Surveys, NCSC and a new Treasurer

The Ashburnham Board of Selectmen continues to express the importance of residents located on South Main Street to fill out and return the income surveys that have been distributed to households in order to complete the Community Development Block Grant application.  Kevin Flynn, of the MRPC, stressed that the South Main Street area may not be considered on the application if all the surveys are not returned.  If there is a lack of participation, the project will shift to another area.  All surveys are confidential and those wishing to respond by phone to complete the survey are urged to call the MRPC at 978-345-7376.  The completed grant application is due on December 16. The  South Main Street area has been determined to be in dire need of repair.  The grant would cover reclamation and repaving as well as sidewalks and will not cost the town or the taxpayers any additional money.   We all pay federal taxes.  Wouldn’t it be nice to get something back from the Federal Government?  Let’s not miss out on this opportunity.

Kudos to Donna Burton, Maggie Whitney and Ed Schlott, as well as others, for cleaning out the VMS building so it would be “move in ready” for the new tenants.  The Town of Ashburnham has reached a lease agreement with Pat Stewart, president of the North Country Sustainability Center (NCSC), to lease the vacated VMS building.  The rent amount is $1 per month for the next twelve months.  Yes, $1!  NCSC will be responsible for paying for the remaining oil in the oil tank and all future oil deliveries to heat the building, the repair and maintenance of the boiler, the insurance on the building, snow removal and electricity.  No town funds will go towards keeping VMS open.  There has been some concern expressed with the car traffic being so close to the playground.  This will be addressed.  This is a win/win for the town and NCSC.  Looking forward to the farmers markets, workshops and activities planned at the center. 

The selectmen agreed to a request that the Town’s Boards and Committees come before the BOS at least once a year for review.  The review will give some perspective on where we are going, what’s working, what’s getting in the way and what direction we want to take within each board and committee.  This will also help to validate the volunteers time.  These boards and committees served by concerned and caring citizens can sometimes be a thankless job.  This provides the opportunity to communicate each committee’s goals and objectives as well as being thanked for their time.

Anne Cervantes’ last day as Treasurer for Ashburnham will be November 27.  Doug Briggs requested that the BOS support him by appointing Barbara Brown as the Interim Treasurer and compensate her accordingly during the interim period.  Paul Pollastri, a former employee for the town, has applied for and is being considered as Anne’s replacement.  Paul is a longtime resident of Ashburnham and spent 20 years as the town’s Treasurer/Collector.  If hired, the schedule will be flexible, part-time, not to exceed 20 hours.  The salary is not expected to exceed $35,000 annually.  Best wishes to Anne as she begins a new journey.

The Ashburnham Municipal Light Plant has reached an agreement with the LLC Corporation for the pass through in the amount of $25,000 per 1 MW for the installation of solar panels for 20 years.  This is the first large scale green energy initiative for Ashburnham.

 

In other business:

BOS agreed to sign a mutual aid agreement for the APD for transparency between towns and the ability to cross town borders to make an arrest.

The MA DOR is short on people for tax classification hearings to set the tax rate for the towns and is working on the larger towns first.  Ashburnham’s should be held on Monday, December 5.

The transfer of a liquor license from The Firehouse Pub to Café 57 will take place on December 5.

There will be a joint meeting between the BOS and the Advisory Board on Monday, December 12, for the purpose of discussing the FY13 Budget and Revenues.

 

Westminster Board of Selectmen: November 28, 2011: Carter Road complaints, energy incentives program and dog complaints

It’s funny—this is the last Board of Selectmen meeting I’m anticipating covering for the Vine, and I’m actually curious how some of the issues left open will be resolved. In many ways this was a classic Board of Selectmen meeting, with many of the same themes we’ve been seeing for years recurring.
First off, there were the warrants to be approved. The warrants are requests to spend money for usual things like invoices that are due (accounts payable), so they’re approved perfunctorily, which sometimes glosses over the large amounts of money being spent, in this case $917,000. That at least makes our household bills look more manageable. There was also a payroll authorization for a police dispatcher to make $14 an hour or so, for working nights. That was also approved.
Then we had a presentation by Kelly Brown, our Regional Director of the Green Communities Division of the Mass Department of Energy Resources. The recurring theme here was that the state and federal governments have set up incentives for communities to install solar energy systems, and it’s, as usual, extremely complex. Kelly Brown seemed to have a handle on how the programs worked, but I found the entire process completely confusing, and it seemed the Selectmen did as well. It’s never just something easy—remember the 5” high application to build a senior center that was turned down…..in this case there are energy credits you can sell to energy companies, there are contracts to be negotiated, etc.
The main thing I took away from this was that we have to be careful signing up for 10 to 20 year plans, which is what the developers want, since technology changes every 10 or so months, and Westminster could easily get stuck with obsolete solar equipment that would have to be upgraded on our dime. The other thing I learned was that a ‘PV’ project, a term thrown around throughout the conversation, means a ‘photovoltaic’ project, referred to by your average person as a ‘solar energy’ project.
Next up were two issues involving Carter Road, neither of which was resolved. The first one had to do with a fill permit for 39 Carter Road. The owner of the property is filling in some land, and his neighbors are complaining, although not about just  bringing in fill. The owner of the property had not secured a permit, a situation compounded by there being just one sentence in the Town Bylaws dealing with permits for filling in land, and also because what the owner described and what the neighbors were complaining about seemed miles apart—the owner of the property said he is just filling in a relatively small hole which a prior owner had filled with stumps, while the neighbors were complaining about multiple 18 wheelers coming in and out of the property at all hours. The conversation also digressed to things like smoke from an outdoor wood furnace causing another house to be enveloped in smoke, but that was ruled off-topic.
What this issue really boiled down to was, in my opinion, whether all this traffic was just to fill in a hole with 300 yards of clean fill, or whether an actual business was being run out of the property that was zoned residential.
The entire question was put on hold for more information, and from what I could gather the Selectmen might very well issue a permit for bringing in X amount of fill, but with conditions such as time of day trucks are allowed in, and a strict end date. However, that outcome is not definite and we’ll have to see what happens at the next Selectmen’s meeting.
The next Carter Road complaint was about Verizon cutting trees on a resident’s property. I, of course, expected the issue to be that Verizon or National Grid—they are still arguing about who owns the poles since Governor Deval ‘closed the loophole’ and started taxing telephone poles--had cut down some trees and the people were mad, but that wasn’t it. The issue was that Verizon had apparently planned to cut a tree down in this resident’s yard, at the end of his driveway, but then never showed up to do so, and he wanted it cut down—it blocked the view of his driveway, making it hard to back out onto Carter Road. His concern was heightened by having a child just learning to ride a bike, and the fact that drivers wouldn’t be able to see the child if he swerved out into the road, due to the tree.
This also had to be postponed until the following meeting because no one from National Grid or Verizon showed up at the meeting despite being invited.
The last interesting item on the agenda was the resolution of the dog compliant on Leino Park’s Old Oak Drive. There are two dogs, at least one of which is allegedly a pit bull/lab mix, which roam freely and are aggressive to people in the area. There have been numerous complaints (8) this past year about the dogs, and in fact there was a report that one was loose as we met. The Board of Selectmen approved the recommendation of Police Chief Sam Albert, given at a meeting chaired by our Town Administrator, that the dogs be removed from the owners and put in a shelter, and that is apparently what will happen.
After that there was no executive session, and we all headed home.

It’s funny—this is the last Board of Selectmen meeting I’m anticipating covering for the Vine, and I’m actually curious how some of the issues left open will be resolved. In many ways this was a classic Board of Selectmen meeting, with many of the same themes we’ve been seeing for years recurring.

First off, there were the warrants to be approved. The warrants are requests to spend money for usual things like invoices that are due (accounts payable), so they’re approved perfunctorily, which sometimes glosses over the large amounts of money being spent, in this case $917,000. That at least makes our household bills look more manageable. There was also a payroll authorization for a police dispatcher to make $14 an hour or so, for working nights. That was also approved.

Then we had a presentation by Kelly Brown, our Regional Director of the Green Communities Division of the Mass Department of Energy Resources. The recurring theme here was that the state and federal governments have set up incentives for communities to install solar energy systems, and it’s, as usual, extremely complex. Kelly Brown seemed to have a handle on how the programs worked, but I found the entire process completely confusing, and it seemed the Selectmen did as well. It’s never just something easy—remember the 5” high application to build a senior center that was turned down…..in this case there are energy credits you can sell to energy companies, there are contracts to be negotiated, etc. 

The main thing I took away from this was that we have to be careful signing up for 10 to 20 year plans, which is what the developers want, since technology changes every 10 or so months, and Westminster could easily get stuck with obsolete solar equipment that would have to be upgraded on our dime. The other thing I learned was that a ‘PV’ project, a term thrown around throughout the conversation, means a ‘photovoltaic’ project, referred to by your average person as a ‘solar energy’ project.

Next up were two issues involving Carter Road, neither of which was resolved. The first one had to do with a fill permit for 39 Carter Road. The owner of the property is filling in some land, and his neighbors are complaining, although not about just  bringing in fill. The owner of the property had not secured a permit, a situation compounded by there being just one sentence in the Town Bylaws dealing with permits for filling in land, and also because what the owner described and what the neighbors were complaining about seemed miles apart—the owner of the property said he is just filling in a relatively small hole which a prior owner had filled with stumps, while the neighbors were complaining about multiple 18 wheelers coming in and out of the property at all hours. The conversation also digressed to things like smoke from an outdoor wood furnace causing another house to be enveloped in smoke, but that was ruled off-topic.

What this issue really boiled down to was, in my opinion, whether all this traffic was just to fill in a hole with 300 yards of clean fill, or whether an actual business was being run out of the property that was zoned residential. The entire question was put on hold for more information, and from what I could gather the Selectmen might very well issue a permit for bringing in X amount of fill, but with conditions such as time of day trucks are allowed in, and a strict end date. However, that outcome is not definite and we’ll have to see what happens at the next Selectmen’s meeting.

The next Carter Road complaint was about Verizon cutting trees on a resident’s property. I, of course, expected the issue to be that Verizon or National Grid—they are still arguing about who owns the poles since Governor Deval ‘closed the loophole’ and started taxing telephone poles--had cut down some trees and the people were mad, but that wasn’t it. The issue was that Verizon had apparently planned to cut a tree down in this resident’s yard, at the end of his driveway, but then never showed up to do so, and he wanted it cut down—it blocked the view of his driveway, making it hard to back out onto Carter Road. His concern was heightened by having a child just learning to ride a bike, and the fact that drivers wouldn’t be able to see the child if he swerved out into the road, due to the tree.This also had to be postponed until the following meeting because no one from National Grid or Verizon showed up at the meeting despite being invited.

The last interesting item on the agenda was the resolution of the dog compliant on Leino Park’s Old Oak Drive. There are two dogs, at least one of which is allegedly a pit bull/lab mix, which roam freely and are aggressive to people in the area. There have been numerous complaints (8) this past year about the dogs, and in fact there was a report that one was loose as we met. The Board of Selectmen approved the recommendation of Police Chief Sam Albert, given at a meeting chaired by our Town Administrator, that the dogs be removed from the owners and put in a shelter, and that is apparently what will happen. After that there was no executive session, and we all headed home.

 

Volunteers needed for an Old Town Hall assessment committee

The Board of Selectmen is in the process of forming a new committee to prepare a vision statement needs assessment for the future use of the Old Town Hall on Bacon Street. The Board is seeking residents representing a variety of interest groups with a vision for rehabilitating the building for use as a community center.
A few suggestions from a recent town wide survey included uses such as performing arts, public functions, youth and senior citizen activities, exercise programs, meeting space, private functions, art exhibits, and other activities.
If you would like to serve on the Old Town Hall Needs Assessment Committee, please submit a letter of interest to:
Town Administrator Karen Murphy, Westminster Town Hall, 11 South Street, Westminster, MA 01473 or send an e-mail to This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it

The Board of Selectmen is in the process of forming a new committee to prepare a vision statement needs assessment for the future use of the Old Town Hall on Bacon Street.

The Board is seeking residents representing a variety of interest groups with a vision for rehabilitating the building for use as a community center.

A few suggestions from a recent town wide survey included uses such as performing arts, public functions, youth and senior citizen activities, exercise programs, meeting space, private functions, art exhibits, and other activities.

If you would like to serve on the Old Town Hall Needs Assessment Committee, please submit a letter of interest to:Town Administrator Karen Murphy, Westminster Town Hall, 11 South Street, Westminster, MA 01473 or send an e-mail to This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it

   

Education Committee Reports Favorably on Collaboratives Reform Bill

Education Committee Reports Favorably on
Collaboratives Reform Bill
Legislation Will Increase Transparency, Set Clear Standards
BOSTON—The Joint Committee on Education today reported out favorably a bill aiming to improve the fiscal accountability, governance and oversight of Massachusetts’ network of education collaboratives.
“As the ranking Republican member on the Joint Committee on Education, I am pleased that we were able to work together and produce this bill, which will go a long way to address the many serious issues that were occurring.  As someone who has worked in collaboratives as a speech/language pathologist, I understand the value and the much needed services and benefits they provide.  The many devoted staff members who work there should be recognized for their talents and devotion as well.  However, unfortunately, the public trust has been violated and abuse has occurred.  This bill is a much needed step in the right direction to address the short term and long term reorganization that must take place.  I am thankful that we were able to hold oversight hearings, solicit feedback, and draft this bill in a fairly reasonable time frame, and I look forward to its passage.” stated State Representative Kimberly Ferguson (R-Holden).
“The Committee has worked hard to craft a bill that addresses the problems identified in the Auditor’s reports on education collaboratives,” said Representative Alice Peisch (D-Wellesley).  “The oversight hearings proved invaluable in gathering information and involving stakeholders in the process. Education collaboratives have tremendous potential to provide high quality, cost effective services to school districts across the state, which is especially critical in this time of limited resources. Today we have reported out a very strong bill that will improve the accountability of collaboratives and ensure that they can continue to provide the cost effective, high quality services to member school districts that are the hallmark of the best collaboratives.”
“While the deficit committee in Washington is paralyzed by partisan gridlock, we've shown here in Massachusetts that our public leaders are able to come together around an issue of importance, share ideas, undertake thoughtful analysis, and produce solutions that preserve what's working well and fix what's broken,” said Senator Sonia Chang-Díaz (D-Boston). “This bill will go a long way toward restoring the public’s trust in the education collaboratives system, and I hope that it continues to move swiftly through the legislative process.”
“This bill will provide greater oversight and accountability of education collaboratives,” House Speaker Robert A. DeLeo (D-Winthrop) said. “The abuses of public funds identified in the State Auditor’s reports on certain education collaboratives are something that the House takes very seriously.  I appreciate the time and effort spent by Chairwoman Peisch and the Joint Committee on Education this Fall to put together effective legislation to prevent abuses like these in the future, and ensure that taxpayer funds are directed at services for some of our most vulnerable students. I am eager to take up this important reform legislation when we return in January.”
“Children with special needs cannot be cheated of the services they deserve and require,” Senate President Therese Murray (D-Plymouth) said. “The financial abuses recently revealed regarding some of our education collaboratives highlight serious mismanagement and a void of oversight and accountability that are a disservice to our children and to the taxpayers. Funding for collaboratives should be used specifically for direct services to our children and not for inflated salaries of board members, bonuses, travel or any other unrelated expenses. This bill represents all the efforts of the Senate, the House and the Administration to address this alarming problem and make sure nothing like this happens again.”
“I commend Education Committee Chairwomen Senator Sonia Chang-Díaz and Representative Alice Peisch for their rigorous work and their embrace of our recommendations. Their leadership should be applauded. Our special needs students, as well as our taxpayers, deserve better governance and more accountability. Education collaborative administrators will benefit as well from enhanced guidance and oversight,” said State Auditor Suzanne Bump.
Reports released this summer by the State Auditor and Inspector General documented financial mismanagement stemming from lax oversight and inappropriate relationships between some collaboratives and closely related nonprofit organizations. The most egregious examples centered around the Merrimack Special Education Collaborative.  In response to these investigations, the Joint Committee on Education held a series of oversight hearings this fall to gain input from community stakeholders and the general public about how to create better oversight of education collaboratives.
The bill improves accountability and transparency by creating new reporting requirements for collaboratives and related nonprofits. It requires collaboratives to file an annual report and audited financial statement with their member school districts and with the Department of Elementary and Secondary Education (DESE), and subjects collaboratives to periodic reviews by DESE at least once every six years—equivalent with traditional school districts.  The bill also requires each collaborative to maintain a public website, which must include information such as a list of members of the board of directors, copies of the board meeting minutes, and a copy of the collaborative’s founding written agreement.
The bill addresses the conflicts of interest surrounding collaboratives and their related non-profits by creating clear requirements for the roles and responsibilities of collaborative board members and staff. The bill prohibits any collaborative board member, manager, or staff member from serving in any similar capacity in a related nonprofit.
Other oversight measures put in place by the bill include:
• Requiring education collaboratives to perform an annual independent financial audit, which then must be made available to the public and shared with member school districts, DESE, and the Auditor each year;
• Requiring that collaborative boards of directors must be composed of two appointees from each member school district—one school committee member and one superintendent or special education director;
• Mandating that collaborative boards also include a voting member appointed by DESE;
• Prohibiting member school committees from giving up their authority to approve any amendments to the collaborative agreement;
• Requiring board members to complete a training developed by DESE on the duties and responsibilities of board members;
• Specifying that collaboratives are subject to the same competitive bidding requirements that school districts must follow when contracting for goods and services;
• Requiring DESE to develop a model collaborative agreement consistent with new law and education collaboratives to revise their agreements to conform to the new law within 12 months of the effective date of the act; and
• Requiring DESE to annually publish a supplemental report on the MCAS performance results of students served by each education collaborative.
The bill also creates a commission to study the role of collaboratives relative to the state’s K-12 education system in the future and to make recommendations in areas such as the provision of services to individuals age 22 and above and the appropriate relationship, if any, between education collaboratives and related organizations.

The Joint Committee on Education today reported out favorably a bill aiming to improve the fiscal accountability, governance and oversight of Massachusetts’ network of education collaboratives. 

“As the ranking Republican member on the Joint Committee on Education, I am pleased that we were able to work together and produce this bill, which will go a long way to address the many serious issues that were occurring.  As someone who has worked in collaboratives as a speech/language pathologist, I understand the value and the much needed services and benefits they provide.  The many devoted staff members who work there should be recognized for their talents and devotion as well.  However, unfortunately, the public trust has been violated and abuse has occurred.  This bill is a much needed step in the right direction to address the short term and long term reorganization that must take place.  I am thankful that we were able to hold oversight hearings, solicit feedback, and draft this bill in a fairly reasonable time frame, and I look forward to its passage.” stated State Representative Kimberly Ferguson (R-Holden).     

“The Committee has worked hard to craft a bill that addresses the problems identified in the Auditor’s reports on education collaboratives,” said Representative Alice Peisch (D-Wellesley).  “The oversight hearings proved invaluable in gathering information and involving stakeholders in the process. Education collaboratives have tremendous potential to provide high quality, cost effective services to school districts across the state, which is especially critical in this time of limited resources. Today we have reported out a very strong bill that will improve the accountability of collaboratives and ensure that they can continue to provide the cost effective, high quality services to member school districts that are the hallmark of the best collaboratives.”

“While the deficit committee in Washington is paralyzed by partisan gridlock, we've shown here in Massachusetts that our public leaders are able to come together around an issue of importance, share ideas, undertake thoughtful analysis, and produce solutions that preserve what's working well and fix what's broken,” said Senator Sonia Chang-Díaz (D-Boston). “This bill will go a long way toward restoring the public’s trust in the education collaboratives system, and I hope that it continues to move swiftly through the legislative process.”

“This bill will provide greater oversight and accountability of education collaboratives,” House Speaker Robert A. DeLeo (D-Winthrop) said. “The abuses of public funds identified in the State Auditor’s reports on certain education collaboratives are something that the House takes very seriously.  I appreciate the time and effort spent by Chairwoman Peisch and the Joint Committee on Education this Fall to put together effective legislation to prevent abuses like these in the future, and ensure that taxpayer funds are directed at services for some of our most vulnerable students. I am eager to take up this important reform legislation when we return in January.”

“Children with special needs cannot be cheated of the services they deserve and require,” Senate President Therese Murray (D-Plymouth) said. “The financial abuses recently revealed regarding some of our education collaboratives highlight serious mismanagement and a void of oversight and accountability that are a disservice to our children and to the taxpayers. Funding for collaboratives should be used specifically for direct services to our children and not for inflated salaries of board members, bonuses, travel or any other unrelated expenses. This bill represents all the efforts of the Senate, the House and the Administration to address this alarming problem and make sure nothing like this happens again.”

“I commend Education Committee Chairwomen Senator Sonia Chang-Díaz and Representative Alice Peisch for their rigorous work and their embrace of our recommendations. Their leadership should be applauded. Our special needs students, as well as our taxpayers, deserve better governance and more accountability. Education collaborative administrators will benefit as well from enhanced guidance and oversight,” said State Auditor Suzanne Bump.

Reports released this summer by the State Auditor and Inspector General documented financial mismanagement stemming from lax oversight and inappropriate relationships between some collaboratives and closely related nonprofit organizations. The most egregious examples centered around the Merrimack Special Education Collaborative.  In response to these investigations, the Joint Committee on Education held a series of oversight hearings this fall to gain input from community stakeholders and the general public about how to create better oversight of education collaboratives.

The bill improves accountability and transparency by creating new reporting requirements for collaboratives and related nonprofits. It requires collaboratives to file an annual report and audited financial statement with their member school districts and with the Department of Elementary and Secondary Education (DESE), and subjects collaboratives to periodic reviews by DESE at least once every six years—equivalent with traditional school districts.  The bill also requires each collaborative to maintain a public website, which must include information such as a list of members of the board of directors, copies of the board meeting minutes, and a copy of the collaborative’s founding written agreement.

The bill addresses the conflicts of interest surrounding collaboratives and their related non-profits by creating clear requirements for the roles and responsibilities of collaborative board members and staff. The bill prohibits any collaborative board member, manager, or staff member from serving in any similar capacity in a related nonprofit.

Other oversight measures put in place by the bill include:
• Requiring education collaboratives to perform an annual independent financial audit, which then must be made available to the public and shared with member school districts, DESE, and the Auditor each year;

• Requiring that collaborative boards of directors must be composed of two appointees from each member school district—one school committee member and one superintendent or special education director;

• Mandating that collaborative boards also include a voting member appointed by DESE;

• Prohibiting member school committees from giving up their authority to approve any amendments to the collaborative agreement;

• Requiring board members to complete a training developed by DESE on the duties and responsibilities of board members;

• Specifying that collaboratives are subject to the same competitive bidding requirements that school districts must follow when contracting for goods and services;

• Requiring DESE to develop a model collaborative agreement consistent with new law and education collaboratives to revise their agreements to conform to the new law within 12 months of the effective date of the act; and

• Requiring DESE to annually publish a supplemental report on the MCAS performance results of students served by each education collaborative.

The bill also creates a commission to study the role of collaboratives relative to the state’s K-12 education system in the future and to make recommendations in areas such as the provision of services to individuals age 22 and above and the appropriate relationship, if any, between education collaboratives and related organizations.

 

Free Tutoring for Income Eligible Elementary Students in Ashburnham and Westminster

Both Westminster Elementary and J.R. Briggs School are offering free tutoring to eligible students, those who qualify for the free and reduced lunch program. Funding comes from our Title I program and this tutoring program is called Supplemental Education Services.
Income eligible students are eligible to receive extra help in the areas of math, reading, writing, science and language arts through extra tutoring after school hours. Tutoring is offered at school, a student’s home or on-line. Programs are approved by the Massachusetts Department of Elementary and Secondary Education and provide your child tutoring that is coordinated with what is being taught in school.

Both Westminster Elementary and J.R. Briggs School are offering free tutoring to eligible students, those who qualify for the free and reduced lunch program.

Funding comes from our Title I program and this tutoring program is called Supplemental Education Services. 

Income eligible students are eligible to receive extra help in the areas of math, reading, writing, science and language arts through extra tutoring after school hours. Tutoring is offered at school, a student’s home or on-line.

Programs are approved by the Massachusetts Department of Elementary and Secondary Education and provide your child tutoring that is coordinated with what is being taught in school.

Please contact Jana Harrison, Title I Director, to learn more or to sign up your child for this free tutoring. She may be reached at 978-874-7312 or email her at: This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it .

Her office is located at Westminster Elementary School, 9 Academy Hill Road, Westminster.

   

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This day in history...

This Day in History
  • Mount Saint Helens Erupts (1980)
    Beginning in mid-March 1980, a series of earth tremors and steam explosions at Washington's Mount Saint Helens suggested that the volcano—dormant since 1857—was on the verge of erupting. Then, on May 18, the entire north side of the mountain exploded in a cloud of ash, rock, and fiery gases that collapsed a good part of it and carried debris for many miles. About 60 people were killed, and millions of tons of ash blanketed much of the American northwest. How far did the ash eventually spread? Discuss
  • Muhammad Ali Becomes of Egypt (1805)
    Four years after Ali, an Ottoman army commander, helped drive Napoleon from Ottoman-ruled Egypt, he was named wali—governor—of Egypt. He helped modernize Egypt and attempted to secure its independence. Though unsuccessful, his efforts established his progeny as the rulers of Egypt and Sudan for nearly 150 years and rendered Egypt a de facto independent state. He is thus considered one of the fathers of modern Egypt. How did Ali trick Egypt's Mameluke leaders into walking into a massacre?
  • Junko Tabei Becomes First Woman to Summit Mount Everest (1975)
    Tabei founded a climbing club for women in Japan in 1969 and, by 1972, was a recognized mountain climber. When Japanese newspaper and television companies sponsored an all-female expedition to climb Mount Everest, Tabei was one of the 15 women selected to go. In 1975, after months of training and preparation, the 35-year-old mother of two became the first woman to reach Everest's 29,035-foot (8,850-m) summit. What disaster partway up the slope nearly ended the climb?

Word of the day

Word of the Day
  • infest
    Definition: (verb) To inhabit or overrun in numbers or quantities large enough to be harmful, threatening, or obnoxious.
    Synonyms: overrun.
    Usage: During the year that followed, Clayton was several times attacked by the great apes which now seemed to continually infest the vicinity of the cabin.
    Discuss

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